Exploring color and cellular preservation in a duck-billed dinosaur "mummy"

North Dakota Geological Survey
Bismarck North Dakota, North Dakota
PaleontologyEarth Science
DOI: 10.18258/94730
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About This Project

Recent advancements in dinosaur skin research have shown that cellular detail and color patterning can be preserved. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and histological thin sections, we propose an investigation of the Edmontosaurus mummy "Dakota" to test for cellular preservation. This research will expand our understanding of how fossil skin preserves and the integumentary biology of dinosaurs.

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What is the context of this research?

The discovery of dinosaur color patterning has been a popular topic within the field of dinosaur integument research. There has been at least one dinosaur from each major group (theropod, ornithischian, and sauropod) that has been described with preserved color patterning. Furthermore, fossilized skin cells with nuclei have been reported in fossil dinosaur skin.

Dakota is an exceptional Edmontosaurus "mummy" that preserves 3-Dimensional skin. Previous research on Dakota reported integumentary structures that looked similar to cells. Recently, our team conducted a preliminary investigation of skin samples from Dakota under SEM for seven hours and have good reason to suspect there are cellular details present. Through this research, we hope to further investigate the skin of Dakota to understand the degree of cellular preservation and its fossilization process.

What is the significance of this project?

This project will investigate the pathway of fossil skin preservation, dinosaur integumentary anatomy, and melanosome evolution in an exceptionally preserved specimen. This has the potential to facilitate future research on dinosaur physiology to identify similarities and differences in core physiological function to modern day fauna. Additionally, exploring melanin based color patterning will add to our understanding of the evolution of melanin in extinct vertebrates.

What are the goals of the project?

This research will utilize a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with Elemental Mapping via Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) to investigate the microscopic details of the skin and its elemental makeup. SEM is especially important for finding melanosomes - bacteria sized cellular organelles that contain melanin - that are responsible for color patterning. We will be testing several samples directly from Dakota, including: scales from multiple areas of the body, a dorsal feature scale from the tail, and a piece of toenail.

This research will also involve creating histological thin sections to understand the anatomy of the fossil integument. These will consist of well preserved scales from the ankle of Dakota.

We will mention the names of the backers in the acknowledgements of any resultant publications if this campaign is successful. We will also publish our findings in an open access journal.

Budget

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A Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is a powerful microscope that captures images in high definition. SEM can perform Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) for creating elemental maps of samples. This methodology is a standard across research involving fossil melanin, as the cellular organelles that contain melanin can be smaller than bacteria and are often detected by scanning for carbon. Elemental mapping helps detect other important elements and minerals common in fossil skin such as calcium phosphate, iron, and aluminosilicates.

The budget will give us 35 hours on the Apreo SEM at Drexel University, using previously sampled specimens. Training will be 5 hours, and will give us a lower rate per hour to use the SEM.

Histological thin sections are cross sections of samples created for the purpose of visualizing microscopic details. Using slides we can search for epidermal anatomy under a normal microscope and SEM. The budget will allow us to commission 5 slides.

Endorsed by

The work Tess and collaborators are proposing would mark a massive leap forward in developing a more complete understanding of Dakota while also representing a valuable contribution to the broader study of fossilized non-avian dinosaur integument. Tess is among the most qualified people to take on this task, as she has a deep knowledge of fossilized dinosaur skin and extensive technical experience relevant to the proposed analyses. I have no doubts that, if funded, this project would provide exciting new insights into dinosaur paleobiology.

Project Timeline

SEM training and usage will take place at Drexel University. We plan for the SEM to be used throughout October and potentially extend into November to facilitate scanning of specimens stored at the Edelman Fossil Park and Museum of Rowan University. Note that dates are subject to change due to scheduling of the SEM.

The creation of histological thin sections will take place during SEM training by team members at the North Dakota Geological Survey.

Sep 03, 2026

Project launch

Sep 03, 2026

Project Launched

Oct 14, 2026

Begin SEM training and histological cross sections

Oct 21, 2026

Use SEM for remainder of October into November

Meet the Team

Tess Gallagher
Tess Gallagher
Independent researcher, science communicator

Affiliates

Edelman Fossil Park and Museum of Rowan University
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Clint A. Boyd
Clint A. Boyd
State Geologist

Affiliates

North Dakota Geological Survey
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Stephanie Drumheller
Stephanie Drumheller
Teaching Associate Professor

Affiliates

University of Tennessee Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences
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Mindy Householder
Mindy Householder
Fossil Preparator

Affiliates

The State Historical Society of North Dakota
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Tess Gallagher

Tess is a paleontologist that specializes in the physiology, cellular biology, color patterning, and preservation of fossil skin. Her interests in dinosaurs began when she was a young girl with dinosaur movies and documentaries.

In summer of 2019, a year into her undergraduate studies, Tess volunteered with Elevation Science Institute with her mother on a dinosaur dig. They dug at a site known as Mother's Day, a bone bed of juvenile Diplodocus. It was here that she would uncover fossilized Diplodocus skin, kickstarting her career in paleontology. She published on this skin in her 3rd year of undergraduate studies, describing novel scale patterns.

Tess would go on to her Masters at the University of Bristol in the UK, where she continued her work on Mother's Day Diplodocus skin and discovered that the skin preserved color patterning. This work would be published two years later in Royal Society Open Science, and listed as one of the top 10 dinosaur discoveries in 2025 in Smithsonian Magazine.

Tess currently works at the Edelman Fossil Park and Museum of Rowan University as a Science Communicator, educating guests on the paleontology of cretaceous New Jersey.


Clint A. Boyd

Clint grew up in rural southeastern Wisconsin, spending most of his free time outdoors building a fascination with the natural world. In high school his family began spending part of their summers in eastern Montana where he stumbled upon his first fossil discovery. Now hooked on fossils, he attended the University of Wisconsin-Madison, double majoring in Geology and Zoology.


His graduate studies at The University of Texas at Austin focused on evaluating the evolutionary relationships of ornithischian dinosaurs, but in the summers he worked for Badlands National Park in South Dakota where he assisted in the collection and preservation of fossils from the Eocene-Oligocene White River Group. Upon his graduation in 2012 he took over the paleontological locality field survey at Badlands National Park for six months before starting a postdoctoral fellowship at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. In the latter position he continued research and fieldwork activities at Badlands National Park and assisted with the unpacking and organizing of the Museum of Geology’s paleontological collection into a new facility. He also assisted Dr. Darrin Pagnac with fossil surveys of the Pierre Shale and Niobrara Formations along the Missouri River in South Dakota.

In January 2015 he took over management of the North Dakota Geological Survey’s paleontology program where he focuses on preserving North Dakota’s paleontological resources for future generations and helping people learn more about the prehistory of North Dakota through scientific research and educational outreach.

Stephanie Drumheller

Stephanie grew up in eastern Tennessee. She translated a childhood love of fossils into a profound interest in how those fossils form. She attended the University of Tennessee for her BS in geology, then went to the University of Iowa for her PhD, which focused on modern and fossil crocodylian bite marks.

After receiving her doctorate, she returned to the University of Tennessee to join the teaching faculty in the Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences since 2013. Her current work focuses on how organisms interact with recent remains, an avenue of research that provides key evidence for the environmental conditions where extinct organisms lived, died, and were buried.

Mindy Householder

Mindy grew up in the Chicagoland area, turning a love of fossils into career as a fossil preparator. She has been preparing fossils for 23 years, working on several notable specimens including "Jane" the Nanotyrannus and a well-preserved nimravid skull from Badlands National Park. In recent years she has focused on preparing the fossilized soft tissues of the exquisitely preserved Edmontosaurus mummy "Dakota." That work also led her to conduct studies on the impacts of different adhesives, consolidants, and solvents on chemical analyses of fossils, which helped develop our current set of best practices usedto study specimens that preserve soft tissues, including dinosaur mummies.


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  • 282%Funded
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